Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and 2D:4D in a Turkish Male and Female Sample
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Aydık, F., Ertuğrul, B., Windhager, S., Özener, B., 2024. Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and 2D:4D in a Turkish Male and Female Sample. American Journal of Human Biology 36, e24155.
Objective
Human sexual dimorphism in physical strength manifests itself in men having a greater muscle mass than women, reflecting ancestral roles in competition, protection, and provisioning. Prenatal testosterone exposure, approximated via the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is linked to increased muscular strength in both sexes, indicating a developmental influence. Previous research has shown that both physical strength and 2D:4D have facial shape correlates, especially in men, but most studies have focused on Western populations and one trait. We therefore hypothesized a broader relationship between facial shape and both physical strength and 2D:4D.